Help For Very Sore Gums After Tooth Extraction

the multifaceted ISHTAR Karen Horney, a pioneer of the break with the Freudian model

Karen Horney represents in the history of psychoanalysis a very debated, as opposed to organismic biologists and Freudian theories, arguing for a cultural interactionist model where it takes a leading role in explaining the keys to human development and the psychology of women, surpassing the previous stricture. The review of this is the subject of this work, which is aimed at paying tribute to the primary responsibility of psychoanalysis or neopsicoanálisis culturalist. Karen Horney (1885-1952) was the daughter of Norwegian Vackels Berndt Henrik Danielsen and Clotilde von Ronzelen Maris, a descendant of Dutch known as Sonni. Karen's father was a captain merchant marine and the mother was the daughter of an architect who was educated in the classical bourgeois atmosphere of the time and in a religious environment marked by Protestantism. Clotilde Berndt was not in love and even despised, feeling flush from their daughter, who was held in a family environment with little tokens of love between parents. At age 13, encouraged by her mother, Karen decided to study medicine, which forced him to leave the religious school. Karen began to be very ambivalent mother admired her before, complaining of his snobbery and anti-Semitism. At 21, Karen started a degree in medicine at the University of Friburgo.En 1909, counting 24 years, Karen gets Oskar married and settled in Berlin, again with his mother's family living all the earnings of the husband. By this time, Karen began attending the University Neuropsychiatric Clinic, where he met Karl Abraham, who begin their first analysis to be suffering from sexual difficulties and a prolonged depressed state. Soon after, in May 1910 his father died, accentuating their sadness, despite which decides to discontinue its psychoanalytic treatment. At this time his daughter Brigitte was born in February 1911 and killed her mother, considering resuming its analysis because of low mood that was, finally opting for the self-examination for fear of their reactions transference. In 1911 Karen finishes the race in Berlin, starting immediately psychiatric training at the same time attend scientific meetings of the local Psychoanalytic Association, where he presented in February 1912 a communication on sexual education of children, two years later, he presented his doctoral thesis dealt with the physical trauma as a cause of psychosis. In 1915, during the world war, was appointed secretary of the Berlin Psychoanalytic Association. Already had two daughters (Brigitte and Marianne), born Renate, the last in 1916, the family settled in the affluent town of Zehlendorf. In 1920 Horney's position in the group was discredited Freudian, which, along with political and economic situation in Germany was being discussed, was that Karen accepted a position of deputy director in the Chicago Psychoanalytic Institute who led Franz Alexander , a former pupil of his. He left for the United States in 1932, accompanied by her daughter Renate, because the other two daughters were independent. After a year, an American citizen, validated their studies doctors and began to publish many works clinics, creating a remarkable reputation that led to higher income in private. His life ended on December 4, 1952, and died due to lung cancer.

The break with the Freudian model in advocating

influences cultural human development

Although it is generally considered that Alfred Adler was the initiator of the culturalist approach, in fact were Erich Fromm, Harry Stack Sullivan and Karen Horney who truly were established by the pioneers of this movement, whose central feature was the rejection of the theory drive (and its many derivatives) for socio-cultural determination in normal and pathological human development, as well as core aspects of female identity. These authors likewise led to the replacement of long-term psychotherapeutic approaches and liabilities of the Freudians with more short and active, in which the conflicts of today and the relationship with the patient became essential.
1. Freudian stage, which covers from 1917 to 1932 and developed in Europe, although an early work, The technique of psychoanalytic psychotherapy (Horney, 1917), begins to show some disagreements with the classic psychoanalytic model. In the writings on female psychology was also against the thesis of Freud, Abraham and Deutsch.
2. The takeoff of Freudianism, which extends from 1932 to 1941, the United States. The main ideas of this stage are in the neurotic personality of our time (Horney, 1937), where he gives the child's interactions with his mother and a socio-cultural influences central role in explaining human development in all its aspects, leaving aside the approach based on drive theory and the Oedipus complex.

3. The establishment of their own doctrine, since 1942 in the United States, building a theory far removed from classical psychoanalysis, with influences of Goldstein with his notion of the organism, with its holistic Smuts, of Whitehead with his idea of \u200b\u200bprocess and Bertalanffy with its focus on systems, as well as anthropologists Kardiner, Linton and Margaret Mead. Works this stage are basic Our inner conflicts (1945), Neurosis and maturity (1950) and female psychology.

The neurotic personality of our time (Horney, 1937), became a real best-seller. In this work, clearly displayed their original ideas and new therapeutic approaches, focussing on all the drives on the cultural. In a sense, the neurotic personality of our time was a critique of culture and its Discontents Freud (1930), whose starting point was the patriarchal society and where it kept a pessimistic for the fate of humanity.
More specifically, to Horney's neurotic developments real estate would have the following conflict:
1. Give and receive affection.
2. Issues around self-assessment and self-promotion.
3. Suppression of basic aggressiveness or hostility, which would emerge the basic anxiety, which would affect the core of every neurosis, which has three major features: the helpless, irrationality and character flag that something is wrong within our self.
4. From this basic anxiety trying to escape through a wide variety of characterological defenses, among which are the rationalizations, denials, the drugged (drugs, travel, work, shopping), leaks, inhibitions, partial eclipses of the conflict, social isolation, the idealizations of self and exoactuaciones or actings-out.

5. The therapeutic goal should be, well, to strive to raise self-esteem and self-control of the subject, avoiding the analysis interpretations that hurt your ego, because if this was done, she would call up the negative therapeutic reaction, Freud placed in the eternal return of the drive, another source of this reaction negative therapeutic activity would be the authoritative interpretation or critique, especially in the case of patients who had conflicts with issues that gravitate in the areas of need for power and the search for love (Horney, 1936).